Nutrition plays a critical role in hormone regulation, and by extension, reproductive health. The foods we consume directly influence key processes such as ovulation, oocyte quality, and overall reproductive function. The processes are tied to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which affects the development of reproductive organs, puberty timing, and long-term fertility (1). The impact of nutrition on reproductive health begins as early as fetal development and continues throughout life, making dietary choices an essential factor in promoting fertility.

The Mediterranean diet and fertility

The Mediterranean diet, widely known for its heart health benefits, has also been linked to improved fertility (2). This diet is rich in:

• Fruits

• Vegetables

• Whole grains

• Fish

• Healthy fats, particularly extra virgin olive oil (EVOO)

Research shows that adopting the Mediterranean diet may improve ovulatory function and reduce the time to conception. Its nutrient-dense, anti-inflammatory nature supports hormonal balance, making it a good choice for those seeking to enhance fertility and overall health.

What are some nutrients and foods that promote fertility?

Several key foods and nutrients have been positively associated with improved reproductive health:

• Fruits and vegetables: Packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, these plant-based foods help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which can negatively impact fertility (3).

• Fish and seafood: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, these foods are known to enhance ovulatory function and improve overall reproductive health (4, 5).

• Low-fat dairy products: Incorporating low-fat dairy has been shown to benefit hormone balance and support ovulation (5).

• Omega-3 fatty acids: These healthy fats, commonly found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, play a vital role in reducing inflammation and supporting the health of reproductive organs (6).

• Low glycemic load and whole grains: A diet with a lower glycemic load, focused on whole grains, helps manage blood sugar levels, which is particularly beneficial for individuals with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (7).

• Extra virgin olive oil: As a healthy fat, olive oil promotes heart and reproductive health by reducing inflammation and supporting hormone regulation (3).

• Antioxidants: Found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, antioxidants protect reproductive cells from oxidative stress, improving oocyte quality and overall reproductive health (8).

What are some nutritional factors that negatively impact fertility?

On the other hand, certain foods and lifestyle factors can hinder fertility by contributing to hormonal imbalances, inflammation, or poor metabolic health. These include:

• Processed meat: High in saturated fats and inflammatory compounds, processed meats can negatively impact reproductive health (2).

• High-fat dairy products: These may interfere with ovulatory function and overall hormonal balance (9).

• Foods high in added sugar: Sugary foods and beverages contribute to insulin resistance and inflammation, which can disrupt ovulation and impair fertility (2).

Other factors affecting reproductive health

In addition to diet, several factors can contribute to impaired fertility, including:

• Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress: Both can damage reproductive cells and disrupt hormonal balance, reducing the chances of conception (10).

• Obesity: Excess body weight can lead to hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and an increased risk of conditions like PCOS, all of which can impair fertility (2).

• PCOS and insulin resistance: Women with PCOS often struggle with insulin resistance, which affects hormone levels and can interfere with ovulation (2).

The bottom line

A balanced, nutrient-rich diet like the Mediterranean diet can boost fertility by supporting hormone regulation, improving ovulatory function, balancing blood sugar levels, and reducing inflammation. Prioritizing whole, plant-based foods, lean proteins, and healthy fats while minimizing processed meats and added sugars is key to optimizing reproductive health. These dietary choices provide a solid foundation for those looking to improve their fertility and overall reproductive health.

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Written by Rebecca Nassimi

Rebecca Nassimi graduated in 2024 from the Honors College at the University of Maryland with a B.S. in Dietetics. She is currently in the process of getting her M.A. in Family & Consumer Sciences and completing her Dietetic Internship at San Francisco State University. As an aspiring Dietitian, Rebecca is passionate about empowering people to have better relationships with food, as well as manage chronic diseases through dietary interventions. She also has a special interest in women’s hormonal health and fertility. In her free time, Rebecca enjoys photography, cooking, reading, growing her houseplants, playing tennis, and exploring the outdoors.

This post was reviewed by Kelly Powers, MA, RDN. Kelly is a Registered Dietitian and Culinary Nutritionist who takes a holistic approach to nutrition and health. She’s a recipe developer with a food blog highlighting whole foods, simple recipes, and her life in San Francisco. Kelly is the creator of Weeknight Dinners, a weekly meal plan program that helps people get back in the kitchen and feed themselves well. Kelly specializes in meal planning, the Mediterranean diet, and sustainable behavior change, helping her clients reach their health goals while improving their relationship with food. She’s also a nutrition consultant for health and tech startups, food companies, and brands she believes in.